ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

1.       Lupisan SP, Herva E, Sombrero LT, Quiambao BP, Capeding MRZ, Abucejo PE,  Esparar G, Arcay J and Ruutu P. Invasive bacterial infections of children in a rural province in Central Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62 (3): 341-346.

2.       Lupisan SP, Herva E, Nohynek H, Lucero MG, Sombrero LT, Quiambao BT, Abucejo PE, Arcay J, Makela PH and Ruutu P. Incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type B infections in Filipino Children. Ped Inf Dis J Oct 2000; 19 (10): 10201022.

3.      Nohynek H, Gustaffson L, Capeding MRZ, Kayhty H , Pascual LG, Olander RM, Eskola J and Ruutu P. The effect of maternal antitetanus antubodies to tetanus and Haemophilus influenzae type B tetanus toxoid. Ped Inf Dis J 1999; 18: 25-30.

4.       Santana-Arciaga RT ,   Capeding MRZ,  Tirador A, Sombrero LT and Velmonte M. The epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease among Filipinos. The Phi J Mic Inf Dis July-Dec 1998. 2

5.       Capeding MRZ, Nohynek H , Kayhty H , Pascual L, Sunico ES, Tamundong A and Ruutu P. antibody responses of three Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines after one, two and three doses in Filipino children. Vaccine 1998; Vol 16: 1004-1008.

6.       Quiambao BP, Gatchalian SR, Halonen P, Lucero MG, Sombrero LT, Paladin FJ, Meurman O, Merin J and Ruutu P. Co-infection is common in measles associated pneumonia. Ped Inf Dis J 1998; 17 (2): 89-93.

7.       Quiambao BP, Nohynek H, Gepanayao C, Kayhty H, Soriano V, Ruutu P and Makela PH. Immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) conjugate vaccine in pregnant women and infants. Intl J Tuberculosis Lung Dis November 1998; 2 (11, Suppl 2): S383.

8.       Lupisan SP, Quiambao BP, Abucejo PE, Sombrero LT, Esparar G, Arcay J,  Herva E and Ruutu P. Predictors for mortality among children with acute lower respiratory infections admitted to a tertiary hospital in Central Philippines. Intl J Tuberculosis Lung Dis  November 1998; 2 (11 Suppl 2): S275.

9.       Nohynek H, Quiambao BP, Gepanayao CP, Esparar G, Kayhty H, Suramo R, Tamundong AA, Sombrero LT and Makela PH. Maternal vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine reduces carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Filipino infants. Intl J Tuberculosis Lung Dis  November 1998; 2 (11 Suppl2): S382.

10. Capeding MRZ , Nohynek H, Kayhty H, Pascual LG, Sunico ES, Tamundong AA and Ruutu P. Antibody responses of H influenzae type B conjugate vaccines after one, two, and three doses vaccine. Vaccine 1998; 16 (9/10): 1004 – 1008.

11. Capeding MRZ, Nohynek H, Pascual LG, Kayhty H, Sombrero LT, Eskola J and Ruutu P. The immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines after primary vaccination series in Filipino infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997. Vol 55 (5): 516-520.

12. Capeding MRZ, Nohynek H, Pascual LG, Kayhty H, Sombrero LT and Ruutu P. Comparative immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) conjugate vaccines after primary series in Filipino infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg November 1996; 55 (5): 516-520.

13.   Capeding MRZ, Nohynek H, Sombrero LT, Pascual LG, Sunico ES, Esparar G, Esko E, Leinonen M and Ruutu P. Evaluation of sampling sites for detection of upper respiratory tract carriage of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae among healthy Filipino infants. J of Clin Micro 1995, Vol 33: 3077-3079.

14.   Capeding MRZ, Sombrero LT, Paladin FJ, Suzuki H, Numasakit Y and Saniel MC. Etiology of acute lower respiratory infection in Filipino children under five years. SE Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth December 1994; 25 (4): 684-687.

15. Capeding MRZ. The immunogenicity of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in developing countries. JAMA Southeast Asia (Supplement) December 1994; 10 (3): 156 – 158.

16. Capeding MRZ, Nohynek H, Ruutu P and Leinonen M. Evaluation of a new tube latex agglutination test for the detection of type specific pneumococcal antigens in urine. J Clin Micro September 1991; p 1818-1821.

17.   Capeding MRZ, Sombrero LT, Lucero MG and Saniel MC. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Filipino children. J Inf Dis February 1991; 169: 479-480.

 HEPATITIS

1.       Lansang MA, Domingo EO, Miguel C, Aligui G, Alagon D and Dayrit E, 1994. Integrating Hepatitis B immunization into the expanded program for immunization (EPI). JAMA Southeast Asia (suppl.); 10:139-142.

2.       Dy EB, Abrigo ML, Hernandez PG, Vinculado FA, Baba K, Lingao AL, Domingo EO and Olveda RM, 1987. Purification of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg from local materials). Phil. J Intern Med 25:103-110.

3.       Abrigo ML, Vinculado FA, Cavinta L, Baba K, Dy EB, Lingao AL, Domingo EO and Olveda RM, 1987. Production of reversed passive haemagglutination reagents for hepatitis B surface antigen testing. Phil J Intern Med 25:116-120.

4.       Vinculado FA, Abrigo ML, Dy EB, Baba K, Lingao AL and Domingo EO, 1987. Purification of monospecific anti-HBs for the production of reagents for HBsAg testing. Phil J Intern Med 25:111-115.

RABIES

1.       Quiambao BP, Lang J, Vital S, Montalban C, Le Mener V, Wood S, Miranda MEG. Immunogenicity and Effectiveness of Post-exposure Rabies Prophylaxis with a New Chromatographically Purified Vero cell Rabies Vaccine (CPRV): a 2-stage randomized clinical trial in the Philippines. Act Trop 2000; 75: 39-52.

2.       Miranda MEG. Rabies in the Philippines: Control and Future Prospects, Public Health Forum, UPCPH Annex II, March 31, 2000. 

3.       Lang J, Attanath P, Quiambao BP, Singhasivanon V, Chanthavanich P, Montalban C, Lutsch C, Pepin-Covatta S, Le Mener V, Miranda MEG, Sabchareon A. Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetic profile of a new highly purified heat-treated equine rabies immune globulin administered either alone or in association with purified vero cell rabies vaccine. Act Trop 1998; 70: 317-333. 

4.       Quiambao BP, Lang J, Miranda MEG, Mendez B. Combined Immunogenicity of purified vero cell rabies vaccine and purified heat treated equine rabies immunoglobulin, Rabies Control in Asia, B. Dodet, FX Meslin eds, 1997. Elsevier, Paris: 115-119.

5.       Miranda MEG, Quiambao BP. Rabies Post-exposure Treatment in the Philippines. Rabies Control in Asia, B. Dodet, FX Meslin eds, 1997. Elsevier, Paris:85-87.

6.       Miranda MEG and Miranda NLJ. City Canine Rabies Elimination Campaign: Manpower and Program costs. Epidemiologie et Sante Animale, Special Issue for the VIII Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Paris, France, 7-12 July 1997; 02.11.1-02.11.3.

7.       Robinson LE, Miranda MEG, Miranda NLJ and Childs JE. Evaluation of a Canine Rabies Vaccination campaign and characterization of owned-dog populations in the Philippines. Southeast Asian J of Trop Med Publ Hlth June 1996; Vol. 27 (2):250-256

8.       Miranda MEG, Miranda NLJ, Robles CG and Fishbein DB. Factors Affecting Decisions for Rabies Post-exposure Management of Dog Bite Patients. Supplement to JAMA Southeast Asia Dec. 1994; 233-34. 

9.       Fishbein DB, Miranda NLJ, Merrill P, Camba RA, Meltzer M, Carlos ET, et al. Rabies Control in the Republic of the Philippines: benefits and costs of elimination. Vaccine Aug. 1991, Vol 9:581-587.

10.   Miranda NLJ and Robles CG. A Comparative Evaluation of a new Immunoenzymatic Test (RREID) with currently used diagnostic tests (DME and FAT) for dog rabies. SE Asian J Trop Med Publ Hlth March 1991; 22 (1): 46-50.

 MALARIA

1.       Figtree M, Pasay C, Slade R, Cheng Q, Cloonan N, Walker J and Saul A, P.vivax synonymous substitution frequencies, evolution and population structure deduced from diversity in AMA1 and MSP1 genes. 2000. Mol Biochem Para 108:53-66. 

2.       Pasay C, 1999. Parasitological, Immunological and Molecular Aspects of Malaria and its Control in State-of-the-Art: Malaria Research in the Philippines.  A monograph published by PCHRD-DOST, pp. 61-72.

3.       Hafalla J, Santiago M, Pasay C, Gozar M, Saul A and Kaslow D, 1997. Minimum variation in the Pfs28 ookinete antigen detected in Philippine isolates of P.falciparum. Mol Biochem Para 87:97-99.

4.       Belizario V, Saul A, Bustos D, Lansang M, Pasay C, Gatton M and Salazar N. 1996. Field epidemiological studies on malaria in a low endemic area in the Philippines. Act Trop  63:241-256. 

5.       Pasay C, Cheng Q, Rzepczyk C and Saul A. 1995. Dimorphism of the C-terminus of P.vivax merozoite surface protein-1. Mol Biochem Para  70:217-219.

6.       Pasay C, Bustos, D, Belizario V, Lansang M and Saul A. 1993. A longitudinal study of antibody levels in an area of low malaria endemicity using IFA technique. Supplement to Am J Trop Med Hyg   49(3):249.

7.       Salazar N, Pasay C, Hugo C, 1991. Colonization and experimental infection of Anopheles litoralis king. Mosquito-Borne Dis Bull   8(3):81-86.

8.       Salazar N, Pasay C, Hugo C, Renejane M. 1990. Clindamycin activity against P.falciparum gametocytes. Mosquito-Borne Dis Bull   7(1):73-78.

9.       Torres EP,  Foley DH and Saul A. 2000. Ribosomal DNA sequence markers differentiate two species of the Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) complex in the Philippines. J Med Entom  37(6).

10.   Torres EP, Salazar NP, Belizario VY and Saul A. 1997. Vector abundance and behaviour in an area of low malaria endemicity in Bataan, the Philippines. Act Trop  63(4) 209-220.

11.   Saul A, Belizario VY, Bustos MDG, Espino F, Lansang MA, Salazar NP and Torres E.  1997. Stability of malaria in a community in Bataan, the Philippines: prospects for control. Act Trop  63(4):267-273. 

12.   Foley DH, Beebe N, Torres EP and Saul A. 1996. Allozyme and ribosomal DNA markers reveal misidentifications of a Philippine malaria vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54(1):46-48.

13.   Bustos MDG, Miguel EC, Canfield C and Hutchinson C. 1999. Atovaquone/proguanil compared with chloroquine and chlorquine/sufadoxine/pyrimethamine for treatment of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Philippines. J Inf Dis 179: 1587-90.

14.   Bustos MDG, Olveda RM, Negishi M and Kurimura T. 1999. Evaluation of a new rapid diagnostic test Determine Malaria Pf against standard blood film, ICCT and ParasightF. Jap J Trop Med  Pub Hlth 27 (3): 417-425.

15.   Bustos MDG, Castillo-Carandang N, de las Llagas L, Espino F, Fajutrao L, Ortega L and Pasay C. 1999. State of the Art: Malaria Research in the Philippines. Phil Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) Dept of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila. 

16.   Bustos MDG. 1999. Understanding of the dynamics of malaria transmission in an area of low endemicity in the Philippines: its impact on malaria control. Mekong Malaria Forum No. 2, May 1999: 12-16.

17.   Gay F, Bustos MDG, Traore B, Jardinel C, Southammavong M, Ciceron L and Danis M. 1997. In vitro response of Plasmodium falciparum to atovaquone and correlation with other antimalarials: comparison between African and Asian strains. Am J Trop Med Hyg  56 (3): 315-317.

18.   Bustos MDG, Saul A, Salazar NP and Gomes M. 1997. Profile of Morong, Bataan, an area of low malaria endemicity in the Philippines. Act Trop 63 (4): 195-207.

19.   Belizario VY, Saul A, Bustos MDG, Lansang MA, Pasay CJ, Gatton M and Salazar NP. 1997. Field epidemiological studies on malaria in a low endemic area in the Philippines. Act Trop  63 (4): 241-256.

20.   Lansang MA, Belizario VY, Bustos MDG, Saul A and Aguirre A. 1997. Risk factors for infection with malaria in a low endemic community in Bataan, the Philippines. Act Trop 63 (4): 257-265.

21.   Saul A, Belizario VY, Bustos MDG, Espino F, Lansang MA, Salazar NP and Torres E. 1997. Stability of malaria in a community in Bataan, the Philippines: prospects for control. Act Trop  63 (4): 267-273.

22.   Baird JK, Miguel EC, Masbar S, Bustos MDG, Abrenica JA, Layawen AVO, Calulut JM Leksana B and Wignall FS. 1996. Survey of resistance to chloroquine by falciparum and vivax malaria at Palawan, Philippines. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg  90: 413-414.

23.   Bustos MDG and Gay F. 1995. Mechanisms and factors involved in the evolution of malaria drug resistance: the Philippines situation. Act Med Philippina 31 (3): 182-187.

24.   Gay F, Ciceron L, Litaudon M, Bustos MDG, Astagneau P, Diquet B, Danis M and Gentilini M. 1994. In vitro resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to qinghaosu derivatives in West Africa. Lancet  343: 850-851.

25.   Bustos MDG, Gay F and Diquet B. 1994. In vitro tests of Philippine isolates of Plamodium falciparum to 4 standard antimalarials and 4 Qinghaosu derivatives, 1991-1993. Bull World Hlth Org  71 (5): 729-735.

26.   Bustos MDG, Gay F, Diquet B, Thomare P and Warot D. 1994. The pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of chloroquine in healthy subjects. Trop Med Para 45: 83-86. 

27.   Cheng Q, Stowers A, Huang T, Bustos MDG, Huang Y, Rzepczyk C and Saul A. 1993. Polymorphism in Plasmodium vivax MSA1 gene - the result of intragenic recombinations. Parasitology 106, 335-345.

28.   Bustos MDG, Gay F, Pichet C, Danis M, Gentilini M and Diquet B. 1993. Influence of blood chloroquine concentrations on invitro drug sensitivity tests of Plasmodium falciparum. Phil J Path  3: 12-20.

29.   Rojas-Rivero L, Gay F, Bustos MDG, Ciceron L, Pichet C Danis M and Gentilini M. 1992. Mefloquine-halofantrine cross-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum induced by intermittent mefloquine pressure. Am J Trop Med Hyg  47 (3): 372-377.

30.   Bustos MDG, Asinas CY and Gay F. 1992. Drug resistance in the Philippines. SouthEast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth  23 (suppl 4) 149-151.

31.   Salazar NP, Carlos CC, Bustos MDG, Quiambao BP, Saniel MC and Santos MN. 1991. Halofantrine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in the Philippines. SE Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth  22: 386-392.

32.   Babinet J, Gay F, Bustos MDG, Dubarry M, Jaulmes D, Nguyen I and Gentilini M. 1991. Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum by heart transplant. British Med J  303: 1515-1516.

33.   Gay F, Bustos MDG, Diquet B, Rojas-Rivero L, Litaudon M, Pichet C, Danis M and Gentilini M. 1990. Cross-resistance between mefloquine and halofantrine. Lancet  336: 1262.

34.   Mirovsky P, Gay F, Bustos MDG, Mazier D and Gentilini M. 1990. Cloning of a fresh isolate of Plasmodium falciparum and drug sensitivity characterization of clones. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg  84: 511-515. 

35.   Gay F, Binet MH, Bustos MDG, Rouveix B, Danis M, Roy C and Gentilini M. 1990. Mefloquine failure in child contracting falciparum malaria in West Africa. Lancet 335: 421-422.

36.   Felix H, Gay F, Lyagoubi, Bustos MDG, Diquet B, Danis M and Gentilini M. 1990.  Resistance croisee a la mefloquine et a l'halofantrine lors d'un paludisme a Plasmodium falciparum contracte au Sierra Leone. Bull Soc Pathol Exot  83, 43-45.

37.   Salazar NP, Saniel MC, Estoque MH, Talao FA, Bustos MDG, Palogan LP and Gabriel A. 1990. Oral clindamycin in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. SE Asian J Trop Pub Hlth 21 (3): 397-403.

38.   Gay F, Bustos MDG, Caumes E, Litaudon M, Diquet B, Datry A, Danis M and Gentilini M. 1990. Insuffisance d'une cure d'halofantrine sur un paludisme a Plasmodium falciparum chloroquinoresistant contracte au Sierra Leone. Ann Med Interne 141: 493-494.

39.   RITM Malaria Study Group - DOH. 1988. Update on malaria chemotherapy. Clin Updates  2 (1): 5-6.

40.   Espino F, Miguel C, Lansang MA, Manderson L: Building partnerships: operationalizing community volunteer programs for malaria control in the Philippines (submitted to Health Policy and Planning)

41.   Espino F, Manderson L. 2000. Treatment seeking for malaria in Morong, Bataan, the Philippines. Soc Sci Med 50:1309-1316. 

42.   Espino F. 1999. The changing epidemiology of malaria. In: State of the Art: Malaria Research in the Philippines, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development publication, Manila, Philippines, 5-19.

43.   Espino F, Manderson L, Acuin C, Ventura E, Domingo F. 1997. Perceptions of malaria in the Philippines: transmission and prevention of malaria in the Philippines: Act Trop  63:221-240. 

44.   Saul A, Belizario VY, Bustos MDG, Espino F, Lansang MA, Salazar NPS. 1997. The stability of malaria in a community in Bataan, the Philippines: prospects for control. Act Trop  63: 267-274. 

45.   Miguel CA, Manderson L, Lansang MA. 1998. Patterns of treatment for malaria in Tayabas, The Philippines: Implications for Control. Trop Med Intl Hlth, 3(5);413-421. 

46.   Miguel CA, Tallo VL, Manderson L, Lansang MA. 1999. Local knowledge and treatment of malaria in Agusan del Sur, The Philippines. Soc Sci Med  48: 607-608.

SCHISTOSOMIASIS

1.       Ross AG, Sleigh AC, Li YS, Williams GM, Aligui GD, McManus DP.Is there immunity to Schistosoma japonicum?  Parasitol Today  2000 Apr;16(4):159-64. Review.

2.       McGarvey ST, Zhou XN, Willingham AL, Feng Z, Olveda R. The epidemiology and host-parasite relationships of Schistosoma japonicum in definitive hosts. Parasitol Today 1999 Jun;15(6):214-5. 

3.       Olds GR, King C, Hewlett J, Olveda R, Wu G, Ouma J, Peters P, McGarvey S, Odhiambo O, Koech D, Liu CY, Aligui G, Gachihi G, Kombe Y, Parraga I, Ramirez B, Whalen C, Horton RJ, Reeve P. Double-blind placebo-controlled study of concurrent administration of albendazole and praziquantel in schoolchildren with schistosomiasis and geohelminths. J Infect Dis 1999 Apr;179(4):996-1003. 

4.       Hernandez MG, Hafalla JC, Acosta LP, Aligui FF, Aligui GD, Ramirez BL, Dunne DW, Santiago ML. Paramyosin is a major target of the human IgA response against Schistosoma japonicum. Parasite Immunol 1999 Dec;21(12):641-7.

5.       Kardorff R, Olveda RM, Acosta LP, Duebbelde UJ, Aligui GD, Alcorn NJ, Doehring E. Hepatosplenic morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: evaluation with Doppler sonography. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Jun;60(6):954-9. 

6.       Hafalla JC, Alamares JG, Acosta LP, Dunne DW, Ramirez BL, Santiago ML. Molecular identification of a 21.7 kDa Schistosoma japonicum antigen as a target of the human IgE response. Mol Biochem Parasitol  1999 Jan 5;98(1):157-61. 

7.       McGarvey ST, Aligui G, Graham KK, Peters P, Olds GR, Olveda R. Schistosomiasis japonica and childhood nutritional status in northeastern Leyte, the Philippines: a randomized trial of praziquantel versus placebo. Am J Trop Med Hyg  1996 May;54(5):498-502.

8.       Olds GR, Olveda R, Wu G, Wiest P, McGarvey S, Aligui G, Zhang S, Ramirez B, Daniel B, Peters P, Romulo R, Fevidal P, Tiu W, Yuan J, Domingo E, Blas B. Immunity and morbidity in schistosomiasis japonicum infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg  1996 Nov;55(5 Suppl):121-6. Review. 

9.       Olveda RM, Daniel BL, Ramirez BD, Aligui GD, Acosta LP, Fevidal P, Tiu E, de Veyra F, Peters PA, Romulo R, Domingo E, Wiest PM, Olds GR. Schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines: the long-term impact of population-based chemotherapy on infection, transmission, and morbidity. J Inf Dis 1996 Jul;174(1):163-72. 

10.   Deelder AM, Qian ZL, Kremsner PG, Acosta L, Rabello AL, Enyong P, Simarro PP, van Etten EC, Krijger FW, Rotmans JP, et al. Quantitative diagnosis of Schistosoma infections by measurement of circulating antigens in serum and urine. Trop Geogr Med  1994;46 (4 Spec No):233-8. 

11.   McGarvey ST, Aligui G, Daniel BL, Peters P, Olveda R, Olds GR. Child growth and schistosomiasis japonica in northeastern Leyte, the Philippines: cross-sectional results. Am J Trop Med Hyg  1992 May;46(5):571-81. 

12.   Olds GR, Olveda R, Tracy JW, Mahmoud AA. Adoptive transfer of modulation of granuloma formation and hepatosplenic disease in murine schistosomiasis japonica by serum from chronically infected animals. J Immunol 1982 Mar;128(3):1391-3.

13.   Olveda RM, Olds GR, Mahmoud AA. Quantification, dynamics, and mechanisms of pulmonary inflammatory response around schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Pathol 1981 Aug;104(2):150-8. 

14.   Olveda RM, Tiu E, Fevidal P, de Veyra F, Icatlo FC, Domingo EO. Relationship of prevalence and intensity of infection to morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: a study of three communities in Leyte, Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983 Nov;32(6):1312-21.

15.   Ramirez BL, Kurtis JD, Wiest PM, Arias P, Aligui F, Acosta L, Peters P, Olds GR. Paramyosin: a candidate vaccine antigen against Schistosoma japonicum. Parasite Immunol  1996 Jan;18(1):49-52. 

16.   Santiago ML, Hafalla JC, Kurtis JD, Aligui GL, Wiest PM, Olveda RM, Olds GR, Dunne DW, Ramirez BL. Identification of the Schistosoma japonicum 22.6-kDa antigen as a major target of the human IgE response: similarity of IgE-binding epitopes to allergen peptides. Int Arch Allergy Immunol  1998 Oct;117(2):94-104.

17.   Webster M, Libranda-Ramirez BD, Aligui GD, Olveda RM, Ouma JH, Kariuki HC, Kimani G, Olds GR, Fulford AJ, Butterworth AE, Dunne DW. The influence of sex and age on antibody isotype responses to Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum in human populations in Kenya and the Philippines. Parasitology. 1997 Apr;114 ( Pt 4):383-93.

18.   Wiest PM, Wu G, Zhang S, Yuan J, Peters PA, McGarvey ST, Tso M, Olveda R, Olds GR. Morbidity due to schistosomiasis japonica in the People's Republic of China.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg  1992 Jan-Feb;86(1):47-50.

19.   Wiest PM, Wu G, Zhong S, McGarvey ST, Tan E, Yuan J, Peters P, Olveda RM, Olds GR. Schistosomiasis japonica on Jishan Island, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China: persistence of hepatic fibrosis after reduction of the prevalence of infection with age. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg  1993 May-Jun;87(3):290-4. 

20.   Wiest PM, Wu G, Zhong S, McGarvey ST, Yuan J, Olveda RM, Peters PA, Olds GR. Impact of annual screening and chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis japonica on Jishan Island, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994 Aug;51(2):162-9.

Rabies

BACKGROUND: Rabies is an acute infection of the central nervous system with a fatal outcome and no effective cure. According to the World Health Organization WHO, rabies ranks 12th among the major killer diseases with around 10 million people exposed annually. In the Philippines, rabies continues to be an endemic disease despite the availability of effective and safe vaccines. The incidence of rabies in the country is 6-8 per million population and this is one of the highest worldwide. The main vector of the disease in the country is the domestic dogs and to a small extent, cats.

LOCAL WOUND CARE: When bitten by a suspected rabid animal (usually a dog or cat), the first thing to do is to wash the wound with soap and water. Clean the wound with an antiseptic such as povidone iodine (betadine) or 70% alcohol. Remedies such as rubbing garlic on the wound or putting penicillin powder on the wound results in secondary bacterial infection and should be avoided.

VACCINATION: Consult the nearest health center, clinic or hospital for anti-rabies and anti-tetanus vaccination. Depending on the severity of the bite, inactivated rabies vaccines with or without the immunoglobulin may be given to you. It is very important that the schedule of vaccination is followed as closely and that all the doses are completed especially if the biting animal is stray, killed and not laboratory tested or proven to have rabies.

OBSERVATION OF THE BITING ANIMAL: Biting animals that are initially healthy at the time of the bite should be observed for 14 days. Animals that are sick at the time of the bite should be sacrificed and the head sent for testing to the rabies laboratory. During the observation period, the animal should be kept leashed or caged, preferably in an area inaccessible to other people, especially children. This will reduce the risk of further exposure to others. The animal should be provided with adequate food and water. Whenever possible, no person with skin wounds should handle the animal. Animal handler should have protective body covers (thick clothing, gloves, masks, boots) or restraining devices (leash or chain, restraining pole, etc.). Disinfect or sterilize areas that get into contact with the animal's body fluids by using soap and hot water, detergent solution, 70% alcohol, iodine or sodium hypochlorite (Lysol). Watch out for the development of any of the following signs: 1. Sudden change in behavior (from mild to vicious temperament or vice ); 2. Characteristic hoarse howl; 3. Watchful, apprehensive expression of the eyes, staring, blank gaze drooling of saliva; 4. Paralysis of uncoordinated gait of hind legs; 5. Marked excitability and restlessness, pacing in cage; 6. If restrained, attacks objects within range; 7. If at large, runs aimlessly, biting anything in its way; 8. Depraved appetite, self mutilation; 9. In some cases, lies quiescent, biting when provoked snaps at imaginary objects; 10. Paralysis of lower jaw and tongue; inability to drink; and 11. Sudden death without associated symptoms.

The animal should be sacrificed when it poses grave danger to the public at large, if it develops any of the above signs. Whenever possible, a veterinarian should be consulted. When killing the animal, avoid damaging the head. The animal's head should be cut off and sent to any of the following rabies laboratories: 1) RITM- Alabang, Muntinlupa City; 2) San Lazaro Hospital - Sta. Cruz, Manila; 3) NADDL, Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon City; 4) Regional Animal Disease laboratories of Regions: (a) Region I - Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan; (b) Region 2 -Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley; (c) Region 3 - San Fernando, Pampanga; (d) Region 5 - Albay; (e) Region 7 - Cebu City; (f) Region 9 - Zamboanga City; (g) Region 10 - Cagayan de Oro; or (h) Region 11 - Davao City.

HOW TO PREPARE AND TRANSPORT THE ANIMAL'S HEAD: 1. Only the head is necessary for testing. Do not submit the whole body of the animal. 2. Cut off the animal's head at the base of the neck using a sharp knife. An apron/ gown, mask, glasses and gloves should be worn when this is done. 3. Place the head in a leak-proof container or a double plastic bag . This, in turn, is placed in a bigger container with liberal amounts of ice/dry ice. 4. Freezing of the specimen is necessary if the transit time will exceed 48 hours. 5. Do not put the head in any chemical disinfectants or preservatives such as formalin, alcohol, etc. 6. Never try to extract the brain from the skull. This is dangerous and will expose you to the virus.